{"id":1642,"date":"2014-05-14T16:51:37","date_gmt":"2014-05-14T14:51:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/?p=1642"},"modified":"2014-06-11T14:58:40","modified_gmt":"2014-06-11T12:58:40","slug":"david-bates-chapter-breakdown-summary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/david-bates-chapter-breakdown-summary\/","title":{"rendered":"<!--:fr-->&#8220;l&#8217;Amplification de l&#8217;intelligence: Penser avec des machines dans l&#8217;apr\u00e8s-guerre,&#8221; par David Bates.<!--:--><!--:en-->&#8220;Intelligence amplification: Thinking with machines after the war,&#8221; by David Bates.<!--:--><!--:es-->&#8220;Intelligence amplification : Thinking with machines after the war,&#8221; by David Bates.<!--:-->"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--:fr--><\/p>\n<div id=\"text_body\">Avec l\u2019\u0092\u00e9mergence de l\u2019ordinateur num\u00e9rique dans l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, il est devenu possible d\u0092imaginer des machines pensantes artificielles qui pourraient remplacer les esprits humains qu\u2019\u0092elles simuleraient. Toutefois, le projet de l\u2019intelligence artificielle (IA) a fait des progr\u00e8s incertains dans cette p\u00e9riode, notamment parce qu\u2019une simulation de la cognition humaine n\u00e9cessitait une connaissance profonde de l\u0092esprit et du cerveau. Le projet parall\u00e8le de \u00ab l\u2019amplification de l\u2019intelligence \u00bb (AI) a re\u00e7u moins d\u2019attention, en partie parce qu\u2019il \u00e9tait tellement moins ambitieux. Ses grands penseurs (V. Bush, J.C.R. Licklider, D.C. Engelbart) ont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e9t\u00e9 compris comme des h\u00e9ros dans l\u2019\u0092histoire de l\u2019\u0092interaction homme-ordinateur.<\/div>\n<div id=\"youtube_vid\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ByJS2Ze20EY\" height=\"315\" width=\"420\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div id=\"LDT_links\">\n<h5>Chapitres:<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_9D307C0F-D5DA-B315-D564-74F00393861A');\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_EA5A10AE-2C8F-2017-7865-92EC6E17341F');\">Regarder des machines pensantes? Ou penser \u00e0 l&#8217;aide de machines?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Les pionniers de l&#8217;augmentation de l&#8217;intelligence\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_58863EE5-3D3F-00F6-3296-92F3E157D4FE');\">William Ross Ashby.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_8D8C3114-938A-7031-CA95-92F58258EF73');\">Vennavar Bush \u2013 &#8220;As we may think.&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_C795F8F5-D8D1-970B-99C0-92F994BC4C8F');\">Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider &#8211; Man-computer symbiosis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_28A725B9-C0E7-90C5-AF50-930238634A0C');\">Douglas Englebart &#8211; Augmenting human intellect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_EE4C7EF6-D663-F717-DD89-9300519D47B4');\">L&#8217;improgrammable<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"LDT_vid\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"iri-iframe\" src=\"http:\/\/ldt.iri.centrepompidou.fr\/\/ldtplatform\/ldt\/embediframe\/?content_id=d5dd8966-b65c-11e3-b28e-00145ea4a2be&amp;project_id=99159e00-c544-11e3-84cc-00145ea4a2be&amp;player_width=500&amp;createannotation=True&amp;polemic=False&amp;annotation=True&amp;tag_titles=comprehendre,trouble,comment,autres%20mot-cl\u00e9&amp;createannotation_polemics=False\" height=\"730\" width=\"520\" seamless=\"seamless\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><!--:--><!--:en--><\/p>\n<div id=\"text_body\">With the emergence of the digital computer in the postwar era it became possible to imagine artificial thinking machines that might replace the human minds that they simulated. However, the project of artificial intelligence made uncertain progress in the period, not least because the simulation of human cognition required deep knowledge of the mind and brain, knowledge that was only in its infancy. The parallel project of intelligence amplification has received less attention, in part because it was so less ambitious. The major figures (Bush, Licklider, Engelbart) have usually been understood as heroes in the evolution of human-computer interaction design.<\/div>\n<div id=\"youtube_vid\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ByJS2Ze20EY\" height=\"315\" width=\"420\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div id=\"LDT_links\">\n<h5>Chapters:<\/h5>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_9D307C0F-D5DA-B315-D564-74F00393861A');\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_EA5A10AE-2C8F-2017-7865-92EC6E17341F');\">Regarding thinking machines? Or thinking how machines can help?<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The pioneers of intelligence augmentation\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_58863EE5-3D3F-00F6-3296-92F3E157D4FE');\">William Ross Ashby.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_8D8C3114-938A-7031-CA95-92F58258EF73');\">Vennavar Bush \u2013 &#8220;As we may think.&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_C795F8F5-D8D1-970B-99C0-92F994BC4C8F');\">Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider &#8211; Man-computer symbiosis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_28A725B9-C0E7-90C5-AF50-930238634A0C');\">Douglas Englebart &#8211; Augmenting human intellect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"javascript:ldtLink('s_EE4C7EF6-D663-F717-DD89-9300519D47B4');\">The unprogrammable<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"LDT_vid\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"iri-iframe\" src=\"http:\/\/ldt.iri.centrepompidou.fr\/\/ldtplatform\/ldt\/embediframe\/?content_id=d5dd8966-b65c-11e3-b28e-00145ea4a2be&amp;project_id=99159e00-c544-11e3-84cc-00145ea4a2be&amp;player_width=500&amp;createannotation=True&amp;polemic=False&amp;annotation=True&amp;tag_titles=understand,not%20sure,comment,other%20keywords&amp;createannotation_polemics=False;amp&amp;concatenate_projects=True\" height=\"730\" width=\"520\" seamless=\"seamless\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p><!--:--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Avec l\u2019\u0092\u00e9mergence de l\u2019ordinateur num\u00e9rique dans l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre, il est devenu possible d\u0092imaginer des machines pensantes artificielles qui pourraient remplacer les esprits humains qu\u2019\u0092elles simuleraient. Toutefois, le projet de l\u2019intelligence artificielle (IA) a fait des progr\u00e8s incertains dans cette p\u00e9riode, notamment parce qu\u2019une simulation de la cognition humaine n\u00e9cessitait une connaissance profonde de l\u0092esprit et du [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[59],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1642"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1642"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1642\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1819,"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1642\/revisions\/1819"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1642"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1642"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/digital-studies.org\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1642"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}